AI Risk Assessment: All Jobs
Every job ranked by AI automation risk. Based on O*NET skills data, academic research, and real-world displacement evidence.
Critical Risk (75-100%)
These roles face imminent disruption. Action needed now.
Data Entry Clerk
Administration & Office
Enters, updates, and maintains data in computer systems and databases. Verifies accuracy of data and corrects errors.
Telemarketer
Marketing & Sales
Makes outbound calls to potential customers to sell products or services, or to solicit donations.
Bookkeeper
Finance & Accounting
Records financial transactions, maintains ledgers, reconciles accounts, and produces financial reports for small to medium businesses.
Bank Teller / Cashier
Finance & Accounting
Processes customer transactions including deposits, withdrawals, and payments. Handles account enquiries and promotes banking products.
Copywriter / Content Writer
Creative & Design
Creates written content for websites, marketing materials, advertisements, blogs, and social media. Researches topics and adapts tone for different audiences.
Travel Agent
Retail & Hospitality
Advises clients on travel destinations, books flights, hotels, and holiday packages. Handles itinerary changes and resolves travel issues.
Tax Preparer / Tax Adviser
Finance & Accounting
Prepares and files tax returns for individuals and businesses. Advises on tax deductions, credits, and compliance with HMRC or IRS regulations.
Translator / Interpreter
Media & Communications
Converts written or spoken content from one language to another, maintaining meaning, tone, and cultural nuances.
Customer Service Representative
Customer Service
Handles customer enquiries, complaints, and requests via phone, email, chat, or in person. Resolves issues and provides product/service information.
Proofreader / Copy Editor
Media & Communications
Reviews written content for spelling, grammar, punctuation, and style errors. Ensures consistency and clarity across documents, articles, and publications.
Graphic Designer
Creative & Design
Creates visual content for print and digital media including logos, branding, marketing materials, websites, and social media graphics.
Stockbroker / Equity Trader
Finance & Accounting
Buys and sells stocks, bonds, and other securities on behalf of clients. Provides investment advice and manages client portfolios based on market analysis.
Insurance Underwriter
Finance & Accounting
Evaluates insurance applications, assesses risk, determines coverage terms, and sets premiums based on analysis of applicant data.
Receptionist
Administration & Office
Greets visitors, answers phone calls, schedules appointments, manages front desk operations, and handles basic data entry and correspondence.
High Risk (50-74%)
Significant automation expected within 3-5 years.
Retail Cashier / Checkout Operator
Retail & Hospitality
Processes customer purchases at point-of-sale terminals. Handles cash, card payments, and customer queries at the checkout.
HR Administrator
HR & Recruitment
Manages employee records, processes payroll queries, handles onboarding paperwork, and supports HR policy implementation.
Civil Servant (Administrative)
Administration & Office
Processes applications, manages public records, handles citizen enquiries, and implements government policy in administrative roles across the civil service.
Insurance Claims Adjuster
Finance & Accounting
Investigates insurance claims, assesses damage, determines coverage, and negotiates settlements. Reviews policy terms and prepares reports.
Conveyancer
Legal
Handles the legal aspects of buying and selling property, including title searches, contract preparation, and managing the transfer of ownership between parties.
NHS Administrator / Medical Secretary
Administration & Office
Manages patient records, schedules appointments, processes referrals, handles correspondence, and supports clinical teams in NHS or healthcare settings.
Real Estate Appraiser / Surveyor
Finance & Accounting
Assesses the value of residential and commercial properties for sales, mortgages, taxation, and insurance purposes. Conducts site inspections and analyses market data.
Paralegal / Legal Assistant
Legal
Supports solicitors and barristers by researching case law, drafting documents, managing files, and preparing for hearings and trials.
Accountant
Finance & Accounting
Prepares financial statements, ensures tax compliance, advises on financial planning, and audits financial records for businesses and individuals.
Office Manager / Administrator
Administration & Office
Coordinates office operations, manages schedules, handles correspondence, oversees supplies, and ensures smooth daily running of a workplace.
Warehouse Operative
Transport & Logistics
Picks, packs, and dispatches goods in warehouse facilities. Operates equipment, manages stock, and ensures order accuracy.
Radiologist
Healthcare
Interprets medical images (X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, ultrasounds) to diagnose diseases and injuries. Consults with referring physicians and performs image-guided procedures.
Recruitment Consultant
HR & Recruitment
Sources, screens, and places candidates for job vacancies. Manages relationships with both clients and candidates throughout the hiring process.
Pharmacy Technician
Healthcare
Assists pharmacists in dispensing medications, managing inventory, and providing customer service in retail or hospital pharmacy settings.
Financial Analyst
Finance & Accounting
Analyses financial data, builds models, creates reports, and provides investment or business recommendations based on quantitative analysis.
Photographer
Creative & Design
Captures images for commercial, editorial, events, portraits, and artistic purposes using professional camera equipment and editing software.
Mortgage Broker / Adviser
Finance & Accounting
Helps clients find and secure mortgage products by assessing their financial situation, comparing deals across lenders, and guiding them through the application process.
Journalist / Reporter
Media & Communications
Researches, writes, and publishes news stories across print, digital, broadcast, and online media. Investigates events and interviews sources.
Estate Agent / Real Estate Agent
Marketing & Sales
Helps clients buy, sell, and rent properties. Conducts viewings, negotiates deals, and manages the transaction process.
Truck Driver / HGV Driver
Transport & Logistics
Operates heavy goods vehicles to transport freight across local, regional, or national routes. Manages loading, route planning, and vehicle safety checks.
Actuary
Finance & Accounting
Uses mathematics, statistics, and financial theory to assess risk and uncertainty, primarily for insurance companies, pension funds, and financial institutions.
Librarian
Education
Manages library collections, helps users find information, organises knowledge resources, and develops reading and digital literacy programmes for communities.
Marketing Coordinator
Marketing & Sales
Supports marketing campaigns by managing social media, coordinating events, creating content, running email campaigns, and tracking analytics.
Software Developer / Programmer
IT & Software
Designs, develops, tests, and maintains software applications. Writes code, fixes bugs, and collaborates with teams to build digital products.
Business Analyst
IT & Software
Bridges the gap between business needs and technology solutions. Gathers requirements, maps processes, analyses data, and helps organisations improve efficiency through technology.
Medium Risk (25-49%)
Some tasks will change, but core role likely survives with adaptation.
Patent Attorney
Legal
Drafts and prosecutes patent applications, provides advice on intellectual property protection, and manages patent portfolios for inventors and businesses.
Data Analyst
IT & Software
Collects, processes, and analyses data to help organisations make informed decisions. Creates dashboards, reports, and data visualisations.
Compliance Officer
Finance & Accounting
Ensures organisations comply with legal and regulatory requirements. Develops compliance programmes, conducts audits, monitors regulatory changes, and provides training.
Investment Banker
Finance & Accounting
Advises corporations, governments, and institutions on mergers, acquisitions, capital raising, and financial restructuring. Builds financial models and manages deal execution.
Marketing Manager
Marketing & Sales
Develops and implements marketing strategies, manages campaigns across channels, analyses performance data, and leads marketing teams.
Management Consultant
Finance & Accounting
Advises organisations on strategy, operations, technology, and transformation. Analyses business problems, develops solutions, and helps implement change across industries.
Public Relations Manager
Marketing & Sales
Manages an organisation's public image and media relationships. Develops communication strategies, handles press enquiries, manages crises, and builds brand reputation.
Solicitor / Lawyer
Legal
Provides legal advice, drafts contracts and legal documents, represents clients in negotiations and some court proceedings, and ensures regulatory compliance.
Lorry Driver / Truck Driver
Transport & Logistics
Drives heavy goods vehicles to transport goods across local, regional, and long-distance routes. Manages deliveries, loading, and vehicle maintenance checks.
Wealth Manager / Financial Planner
Finance & Accounting
Provides comprehensive financial advice to high-net-worth individuals covering investments, tax planning, retirement, estate planning, and insurance.
Delivery Driver
Transport & Logistics
Delivers packages, parcels, and goods to homes and businesses. Plans routes, handles customer interactions, and manages time-sensitive deliveries.
Web Developer
IT & Software
Builds and maintains websites using HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and related technologies. Creates responsive layouts, implements designs, and ensures cross-browser compatibility.
Prompt Engineer
IT & Software
Designs, tests, and optimises prompts for AI language models to produce desired outputs. Develops prompt templates, evaluation frameworks, and integration strategies.
Project Manager
Administration & Office
Plans, executes, and oversees projects from inception to completion. Manages timelines, budgets, resources, and stakeholder expectations.
Sales Representative (B2B)
Marketing & Sales
Sells products or services to businesses. Builds client relationships, conducts product demos, negotiates contracts, and meets revenue targets.
Architect
Creative & Design
Designs buildings and structures, creates technical drawings and 3D models, manages planning applications, and oversees construction to ensure design intent is delivered.
HR Manager
HR & Recruitment
Oversees human resources functions including employee relations, performance management, policy development, and organisational culture. Manages HR teams and advises senior leadership.
Radiographer
Healthcare
Operates imaging equipment (X-ray, CT, MRI, ultrasound) to produce diagnostic images. Diagnostic radiographers create images; therapeutic radiographers deliver radiation treatment for cancer.
Security Guard
Emergency Services
Protects premises, monitors CCTV, controls access, patrols sites, and responds to security incidents and emergencies.
Barrister
Legal
Represents clients in court, drafts legal opinions, and provides specialist legal advice. Barristers are self-employed advocates who receive instructions from solicitors or directly from the public.
Pharmacist
Healthcare
Dispenses prescription medications, provides advice on safe drug use, manages drug interactions, and delivers clinical services including vaccinations and health checks.
UX Designer
IT & Software
Designs user experiences for digital products. Conducts user research, creates wireframes and prototypes, and ensures products are intuitive and accessible.
Civil Engineer
Engineering & Construction
Designs, builds, and maintains infrastructure including roads, bridges, dams, and buildings. Manages construction projects, conducts site inspections, and ensures structural safety.
Optometrist
Healthcare
Examines eyes for vision defects and diseases, prescribes corrective lenses, and detects conditions such as glaucoma, macular degeneration, and diabetes through eye examinations.
Town Planner
Engineering & Construction
Plans and manages the use and development of land and buildings. Assesses planning applications, develops local plans, and balances community needs with development pressure.
Teacher (Secondary School)
Education
Plans and delivers lessons, assesses student progress, manages classroom behaviour, and supports student development across academic subjects.
Product Manager
IT & Software
Defines product strategy, prioritises features, works with engineering and design teams, and ensures products meet market needs and business goals.
Surveyor (Chartered)
Engineering & Construction
Assesses the value, condition, and potential of land and buildings. Chartered surveyors work across residential, commercial, and rural property, providing valuations, condition reports, and development advice.
Dentist
Healthcare
Diagnoses and treats diseases and conditions of the teeth and gums. Performs fillings, extractions, root canals, and cosmetic procedures. Educates patients on oral hygiene.
University Lecturer
Education
Teaches undergraduate and postgraduate students, conducts academic research, publishes scholarly work, and supervises dissertations at higher education institutions.
AI Implementation Consultant
IT & Software
Helps organisations adopt AI technologies by assessing needs, designing solutions, managing change, and overseeing deployment of AI systems across business functions.
Low Risk (0-24%)
Strong human elements that AI cannot replicate. These careers are growing.
Teaching Assistant
Education
Supports classroom teachers by helping students with learning activities, managing behaviour, preparing resources, and providing one-to-one or small group support.
Chef / Head Chef
Retail & Hospitality
Plans menus, prepares and cooks food, manages kitchen staff, controls food costs, and ensures hygiene standards. Creates new dishes and maintains quality consistency.
Doctor (General Practitioner / Physician)
Healthcare
Diagnoses and treats illnesses, prescribes medications, orders tests, performs examinations, and provides holistic patient care across a wide range of medical conditions.
Cybersecurity Analyst
IT & Software
Protects computer systems and networks from cyber threats. Monitors security systems, investigates breaches, and implements protective measures.
Veterinarian
Healthcare
Diagnoses and treats illnesses and injuries in animals. Performs surgeries, prescribes medication, vaccinates, and advises owners on animal health and nutrition.
Police Officer
Emergency Services
Maintains law and order, prevents and investigates crime, responds to emergencies, and protects the public. Patrols communities, makes arrests, and gathers evidence.
AI Ethics Officer
Legal
Develops and enforces ethical guidelines for AI systems. Conducts bias audits, ensures regulatory compliance, designs governance frameworks, and advises on responsible AI deployment.
Construction Manager
Engineering & Construction
Plans, coordinates, and oversees construction projects from start to finish. Manages budgets, schedules, subcontractors, health and safety, and quality standards.
Nurse (Registered)
Healthcare
Provides direct patient care, administers medications, monitors vital signs, coordinates with doctors, and supports patients through treatment and recovery.
Personal Trainer / Fitness Coach
Healthcare
Designs and delivers personalised exercise programmes. Motivates clients, corrects form, tracks progress, and provides nutrition guidance for health and fitness goals.
Speech and Language Therapist
Healthcare
Assesses and treats speech, language, communication, and swallowing disorders in children and adults. Works in NHS, schools, and private practice.
Physiotherapist
Healthcare
Helps patients recover from injuries, manage chronic conditions, and improve mobility through physical exercises, manual therapy, and rehabilitation programmes.
Social Worker
Healthcare
Supports vulnerable individuals and families through assessment, intervention, advocacy, and safeguarding. Works with children, adults, and communities.
AI / Machine Learning Engineer
IT & Software
Designs, builds, and deploys AI and machine learning systems. Develops models, processes data, and creates AI-powered features for products and services.
Occupational Therapist
Healthcare
Helps people of all ages overcome physical, mental, or social challenges to perform everyday activities. Designs rehabilitation programmes and adapts environments for independence.
Dental Hygienist
Healthcare
Cleans teeth, removes plaque and tartar, applies preventive treatments, takes dental X-rays, and educates patients on oral hygiene practices.
Mental Health Counsellor / Therapist
Healthcare
Provides therapeutic support for mental health issues including anxiety, depression, trauma, and relationship problems. Uses evidence-based techniques to help clients.
Care Assistant / Home Carer
Healthcare
Provides personal care, medication support, and companionship to elderly or disabled individuals in their homes or care settings.
Midwife
Healthcare
Provides care and support to women during pregnancy, labour, and the postnatal period. Monitors mother and baby health, manages normal births, and identifies complications.
Mental Health Nurse
Healthcare
Provides specialist nursing care for patients with mental health conditions. Builds therapeutic relationships, manages crisis situations, administers medication, and supports recovery.
Robotics Technician
Engineering & Construction
Builds, programmes, maintains, and repairs robotic systems used in manufacturing, logistics, healthcare, and other industries.
Electrician
Trades & Manual
Installs, maintains, and repairs electrical systems in homes, businesses, and industrial settings. Ensures compliance with safety regulations.
Plumber
Trades & Manual
Installs, repairs, and maintains water supply, heating systems, and drainage in residential and commercial buildings.
Firefighter
Emergency Services
Responds to fires, road traffic accidents, floods, and other emergencies. Rescues people from dangerous situations, operates specialist equipment, and conducts fire safety inspections.
Carpenter / Joiner
Trades & Manual
Constructs, installs, and repairs structures and fittings made from wood and other materials. Works on building sites, in workshops, or in clients' homes.
Paramedic
Emergency Services
Responds to emergency calls, provides pre-hospital medical care, stabilises patients, and transports them to hospital. Makes critical clinical decisions under extreme pressure.
HVAC Technician
Trades & Manual
Installs, maintains, and repairs heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings.
Renewable Energy Technician
Trades & Manual
Installs, maintains, and repairs solar panels, wind turbines, battery storage systems, and other renewable energy equipment.