AI Risk Assessment: All Jobs

Every job ranked by AI automation risk. Based on O*NET skills data, academic research, and real-world displacement evidence.

Critical Risk (75-100%)

These roles face imminent disruption. Action needed now.

Data Entry Clerk

Administration & Office

95%
Critical Risk|~1yr|Declining

Enters, updates, and maintains data in computer systems and databases. Verifies accuracy of data and corrects errors.

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Telemarketer

Marketing & Sales

94%
Critical Risk|~1yr|Declining

Makes outbound calls to potential customers to sell products or services, or to solicit donations.

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Bookkeeper

Finance & Accounting

90%
Critical Risk|~2yr|Declining

Records financial transactions, maintains ledgers, reconciles accounts, and produces financial reports for small to medium businesses.

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Bank Teller / Cashier

Finance & Accounting

88%
Critical Risk|~2yr|Declining

Processes customer transactions including deposits, withdrawals, and payments. Handles account enquiries and promotes banking products.

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Copywriter / Content Writer

Creative & Design

85%
Critical Risk|~2yr|Declining

Creates written content for websites, marketing materials, advertisements, blogs, and social media. Researches topics and adapts tone for different audiences.

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Travel Agent

Retail & Hospitality

85%
Critical Risk|~2yr|Declining

Advises clients on travel destinations, books flights, hotels, and holiday packages. Handles itinerary changes and resolves travel issues.

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Tax Preparer / Tax Adviser

Finance & Accounting

85%
Critical Risk|~3yr|Declining

Prepares and files tax returns for individuals and businesses. Advises on tax deductions, credits, and compliance with HMRC or IRS regulations.

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Translator / Interpreter

Media & Communications

82%
Critical Risk|~2yr|Declining

Converts written or spoken content from one language to another, maintaining meaning, tone, and cultural nuances.

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Customer Service Representative

Customer Service

80%
Critical Risk|~2yr|Declining

Handles customer enquiries, complaints, and requests via phone, email, chat, or in person. Resolves issues and provides product/service information.

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Proofreader / Copy Editor

Media & Communications

80%
Critical Risk|~3yr|Declining

Reviews written content for spelling, grammar, punctuation, and style errors. Ensures consistency and clarity across documents, articles, and publications.

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Graphic Designer

Creative & Design

78%
Critical Risk|~3yr|Declining

Creates visual content for print and digital media including logos, branding, marketing materials, websites, and social media graphics.

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Stockbroker / Equity Trader

Finance & Accounting

78%
Critical Risk|~3yr|Declining

Buys and sells stocks, bonds, and other securities on behalf of clients. Provides investment advice and manages client portfolios based on market analysis.

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Insurance Underwriter

Finance & Accounting

77%
Critical Risk|~3yr|Declining

Evaluates insurance applications, assesses risk, determines coverage terms, and sets premiums based on analysis of applicant data.

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Receptionist

Administration & Office

75%
Critical Risk|~2yr|Declining

Greets visitors, answers phone calls, schedules appointments, manages front desk operations, and handles basic data entry and correspondence.

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High Risk (50-74%)

Significant automation expected within 3-5 years.

Retail Cashier / Checkout Operator

Retail & Hospitality

73%
High Risk|~3yr|Declining

Processes customer purchases at point-of-sale terminals. Handles cash, card payments, and customer queries at the checkout.

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HR Administrator

HR & Recruitment

72%
High Risk|~2yr|Declining

Manages employee records, processes payroll queries, handles onboarding paperwork, and supports HR policy implementation.

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Civil Servant (Administrative)

Administration & Office

72%
High Risk|~3yr|Declining

Processes applications, manages public records, handles citizen enquiries, and implements government policy in administrative roles across the civil service.

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Insurance Claims Adjuster

Finance & Accounting

72%
High Risk|~4yr|Declining

Investigates insurance claims, assesses damage, determines coverage, and negotiates settlements. Reviews policy terms and prepares reports.

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Conveyancer

Legal

72%
High Risk|~4yr|Declining

Handles the legal aspects of buying and selling property, including title searches, contract preparation, and managing the transfer of ownership between parties.

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NHS Administrator / Medical Secretary

Administration & Office

70%
High Risk|~3yr|Declining

Manages patient records, schedules appointments, processes referrals, handles correspondence, and supports clinical teams in NHS or healthcare settings.

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Real Estate Appraiser / Surveyor

Finance & Accounting

70%
High Risk|~4yr|Declining

Assesses the value of residential and commercial properties for sales, mortgages, taxation, and insurance purposes. Conducts site inspections and analyses market data.

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Paralegal / Legal Assistant

Legal

68%
High Risk|~3yr|Declining

Supports solicitors and barristers by researching case law, drafting documents, managing files, and preparing for hearings and trials.

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Accountant

Finance & Accounting

65%
High Risk|~2yr|Stable

Prepares financial statements, ensures tax compliance, advises on financial planning, and audits financial records for businesses and individuals.

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Office Manager / Administrator

Administration & Office

65%
High Risk|~3yr|Declining

Coordinates office operations, manages schedules, handles correspondence, oversees supplies, and ensures smooth daily running of a workplace.

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Warehouse Operative

Transport & Logistics

65%
High Risk|~3yr|Declining

Picks, packs, and dispatches goods in warehouse facilities. Operates equipment, manages stock, and ensures order accuracy.

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Radiologist

Healthcare

65%
High Risk|~6yr|Stable

Interprets medical images (X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, ultrasounds) to diagnose diseases and injuries. Consults with referring physicians and performs image-guided procedures.

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Recruitment Consultant

HR & Recruitment

62%
High Risk|~3yr|Declining

Sources, screens, and places candidates for job vacancies. Manages relationships with both clients and candidates throughout the hiring process.

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Pharmacy Technician

Healthcare

60%
High Risk|~3yr|Stable

Assists pharmacists in dispensing medications, managing inventory, and providing customer service in retail or hospital pharmacy settings.

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Financial Analyst

Finance & Accounting

58%
High Risk|~2yr|Stable

Analyses financial data, builds models, creates reports, and provides investment or business recommendations based on quantitative analysis.

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Photographer

Creative & Design

58%
High Risk|~3yr|Declining

Captures images for commercial, editorial, events, portraits, and artistic purposes using professional camera equipment and editing software.

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Mortgage Broker / Adviser

Finance & Accounting

58%
High Risk|~5yr|Stable

Helps clients find and secure mortgage products by assessing their financial situation, comparing deals across lenders, and guiding them through the application process.

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Journalist / Reporter

Media & Communications

55%
High Risk|~3yr|Declining

Researches, writes, and publishes news stories across print, digital, broadcast, and online media. Investigates events and interviews sources.

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Estate Agent / Real Estate Agent

Marketing & Sales

55%
High Risk|~3yr|Stable

Helps clients buy, sell, and rent properties. Conducts viewings, negotiates deals, and manages the transaction process.

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Truck Driver / HGV Driver

Transport & Logistics

55%
High Risk|~7yr|Stable

Operates heavy goods vehicles to transport freight across local, regional, or national routes. Manages loading, route planning, and vehicle safety checks.

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Actuary

Finance & Accounting

55%
High Risk|~5yr|Stable

Uses mathematics, statistics, and financial theory to assess risk and uncertainty, primarily for insurance companies, pension funds, and financial institutions.

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Librarian

Education

55%
High Risk|~5yr|Declining

Manages library collections, helps users find information, organises knowledge resources, and develops reading and digital literacy programmes for communities.

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Marketing Coordinator

Marketing & Sales

55%
High Risk|~2yr|Declining

Supports marketing campaigns by managing social media, coordinating events, creating content, running email campaigns, and tracking analytics.

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Software Developer / Programmer

IT & Software

52%
High Risk|~2yr|Stable

Designs, develops, tests, and maintains software applications. Writes code, fixes bugs, and collaborates with teams to build digital products.

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Business Analyst

IT & Software

52%
High Risk|~5yr|Stable

Bridges the gap between business needs and technology solutions. Gathers requirements, maps processes, analyses data, and helps organisations improve efficiency through technology.

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Medium Risk (25-49%)

Some tasks will change, but core role likely survives with adaptation.

Patent Attorney

Legal

48%
Medium Risk|~6yr|Growing

Drafts and prosecutes patent applications, provides advice on intellectual property protection, and manages patent portfolios for inventors and businesses.

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Data Analyst

IT & Software

45%
Medium Risk|~2yr|Stable

Collects, processes, and analyses data to help organisations make informed decisions. Creates dashboards, reports, and data visualisations.

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Compliance Officer

Finance & Accounting

45%
Medium Risk|~6yr|Growing

Ensures organisations comply with legal and regulatory requirements. Develops compliance programmes, conducts audits, monitors regulatory changes, and provides training.

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Investment Banker

Finance & Accounting

42%
Medium Risk|~6yr|Stable

Advises corporations, governments, and institutions on mergers, acquisitions, capital raising, and financial restructuring. Builds financial models and manages deal execution.

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Marketing Manager

Marketing & Sales

40%
Medium Risk|~3yr|Stable

Develops and implements marketing strategies, manages campaigns across channels, analyses performance data, and leads marketing teams.

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Management Consultant

Finance & Accounting

40%
Medium Risk|~6yr|Growing

Advises organisations on strategy, operations, technology, and transformation. Analyses business problems, develops solutions, and helps implement change across industries.

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Public Relations Manager

Marketing & Sales

40%
Medium Risk|~6yr|Stable

Manages an organisation's public image and media relationships. Develops communication strategies, handles press enquiries, manages crises, and builds brand reputation.

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Solicitor / Lawyer

Legal

38%
Medium Risk|~3yr|Stable

Provides legal advice, drafts contracts and legal documents, represents clients in negotiations and some court proceedings, and ensures regulatory compliance.

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Lorry Driver / Truck Driver

Transport & Logistics

38%
Medium Risk|~4yr|Stable

Drives heavy goods vehicles to transport goods across local, regional, and long-distance routes. Manages deliveries, loading, and vehicle maintenance checks.

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Wealth Manager / Financial Planner

Finance & Accounting

38%
Medium Risk|~7yr|Growing

Provides comprehensive financial advice to high-net-worth individuals covering investments, tax planning, retirement, estate planning, and insurance.

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Delivery Driver

Transport & Logistics

38%
Medium Risk|~7yr|Stable

Delivers packages, parcels, and goods to homes and businesses. Plans routes, handles customer interactions, and manages time-sensitive deliveries.

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Web Developer

IT & Software

38%
Medium Risk|~3yr|Growing

Builds and maintains websites using HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and related technologies. Creates responsive layouts, implements designs, and ensures cross-browser compatibility.

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Prompt Engineer

IT & Software

38%
Medium Risk|~3yr|Stable

Designs, tests, and optimises prompts for AI language models to produce desired outputs. Develops prompt templates, evaluation frameworks, and integration strategies.

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Project Manager

Administration & Office

35%
Medium Risk|~3yr|Stable

Plans, executes, and oversees projects from inception to completion. Manages timelines, budgets, resources, and stakeholder expectations.

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Sales Representative (B2B)

Marketing & Sales

35%
Medium Risk|~3yr|Stable

Sells products or services to businesses. Builds client relationships, conducts product demos, negotiates contracts, and meets revenue targets.

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Architect

Creative & Design

35%
Medium Risk|~6yr|Stable

Designs buildings and structures, creates technical drawings and 3D models, manages planning applications, and oversees construction to ensure design intent is delivered.

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HR Manager

HR & Recruitment

35%
Medium Risk|~7yr|Stable

Oversees human resources functions including employee relations, performance management, policy development, and organisational culture. Manages HR teams and advises senior leadership.

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Radiographer

Healthcare

35%
Medium Risk|~7yr|Growing

Operates imaging equipment (X-ray, CT, MRI, ultrasound) to produce diagnostic images. Diagnostic radiographers create images; therapeutic radiographers deliver radiation treatment for cancer.

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Security Guard

Emergency Services

35%
Medium Risk|~6yr|Stable

Protects premises, monitors CCTV, controls access, patrols sites, and responds to security incidents and emergencies.

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Barrister

Legal

32%
Medium Risk|~7yr|Stable

Represents clients in court, drafts legal opinions, and provides specialist legal advice. Barristers are self-employed advocates who receive instructions from solicitors or directly from the public.

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Pharmacist

Healthcare

32%
Medium Risk|~6yr|Stable

Dispenses prescription medications, provides advice on safe drug use, manages drug interactions, and delivers clinical services including vaccinations and health checks.

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UX Designer

IT & Software

30%
Medium Risk|~4yr|Growing

Designs user experiences for digital products. Conducts user research, creates wireframes and prototypes, and ensures products are intuitive and accessible.

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Civil Engineer

Engineering & Construction

30%
Medium Risk|~7yr|Growing

Designs, builds, and maintains infrastructure including roads, bridges, dams, and buildings. Manages construction projects, conducts site inspections, and ensures structural safety.

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Optometrist

Healthcare

30%
Medium Risk|~8yr|Growing

Examines eyes for vision defects and diseases, prescribes corrective lenses, and detects conditions such as glaucoma, macular degeneration, and diabetes through eye examinations.

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Town Planner

Engineering & Construction

30%
Medium Risk|~8yr|Growing

Plans and manages the use and development of land and buildings. Assesses planning applications, develops local plans, and balances community needs with development pressure.

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Teacher (Secondary School)

Education

28%
Medium Risk|~5yr|Stable

Plans and delivers lessons, assesses student progress, manages classroom behaviour, and supports student development across academic subjects.

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Product Manager

IT & Software

28%
Medium Risk|~5yr|Growing

Defines product strategy, prioritises features, works with engineering and design teams, and ensures products meet market needs and business goals.

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Surveyor (Chartered)

Engineering & Construction

28%
Medium Risk|~8yr|Growing

Assesses the value, condition, and potential of land and buildings. Chartered surveyors work across residential, commercial, and rural property, providing valuations, condition reports, and development advice.

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Dentist

Healthcare

25%
Medium Risk|~8yr|Growing

Diagnoses and treats diseases and conditions of the teeth and gums. Performs fillings, extractions, root canals, and cosmetic procedures. Educates patients on oral hygiene.

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University Lecturer

Education

25%
Medium Risk|~8yr|Stable

Teaches undergraduate and postgraduate students, conducts academic research, publishes scholarly work, and supervises dissertations at higher education institutions.

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AI Implementation Consultant

IT & Software

25%
Medium Risk|~5yr|Growing

Helps organisations adopt AI technologies by assessing needs, designing solutions, managing change, and overseeing deployment of AI systems across business functions.

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Low Risk (0-24%)

Strong human elements that AI cannot replicate. These careers are growing.

Teaching Assistant

Education

22%
Low Risk|~6yr|Stable

Supports classroom teachers by helping students with learning activities, managing behaviour, preparing resources, and providing one-to-one or small group support.

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Chef / Head Chef

Retail & Hospitality

20%
Low Risk|~8yr|Stable

Plans menus, prepares and cooks food, manages kitchen staff, controls food costs, and ensures hygiene standards. Creates new dishes and maintains quality consistency.

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Doctor (General Practitioner / Physician)

Healthcare

20%
Low Risk|~8yr|Growing

Diagnoses and treats illnesses, prescribes medications, orders tests, performs examinations, and provides holistic patient care across a wide range of medical conditions.

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Cybersecurity Analyst

IT & Software

15%
Low Risk|~7yr|Growing

Protects computer systems and networks from cyber threats. Monitors security systems, investigates breaches, and implements protective measures.

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Veterinarian

Healthcare

15%
Low Risk|~8yr|Growing

Diagnoses and treats illnesses and injuries in animals. Performs surgeries, prescribes medication, vaccinates, and advises owners on animal health and nutrition.

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Police Officer

Emergency Services

15%
Low Risk|~8yr|Stable

Maintains law and order, prevents and investigates crime, responds to emergencies, and protects the public. Patrols communities, makes arrests, and gathers evidence.

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AI Ethics Officer

Legal

15%
Low Risk|~8yr|Growing

Develops and enforces ethical guidelines for AI systems. Conducts bias audits, ensures regulatory compliance, designs governance frameworks, and advises on responsible AI deployment.

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Construction Manager

Engineering & Construction

15%
Low Risk|~8yr|Growing

Plans, coordinates, and oversees construction projects from start to finish. Manages budgets, schedules, subcontractors, health and safety, and quality standards.

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Nurse (Registered)

Healthcare

12%
Low Risk|~7yr|Growing

Provides direct patient care, administers medications, monitors vital signs, coordinates with doctors, and supports patients through treatment and recovery.

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Personal Trainer / Fitness Coach

Healthcare

12%
Low Risk|~8yr|Growing

Designs and delivers personalised exercise programmes. Motivates clients, corrects form, tracks progress, and provides nutrition guidance for health and fitness goals.

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Speech and Language Therapist

Healthcare

12%
Low Risk|~8yr|Growing

Assesses and treats speech, language, communication, and swallowing disorders in children and adults. Works in NHS, schools, and private practice.

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Physiotherapist

Healthcare

10%
Low Risk|~8yr|Growing

Helps patients recover from injuries, manage chronic conditions, and improve mobility through physical exercises, manual therapy, and rehabilitation programmes.

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Social Worker

Healthcare

10%
Low Risk|~8yr|Growing

Supports vulnerable individuals and families through assessment, intervention, advocacy, and safeguarding. Works with children, adults, and communities.

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AI / Machine Learning Engineer

IT & Software

10%
Low Risk|~7yr|Growing

Designs, builds, and deploys AI and machine learning systems. Develops models, processes data, and creates AI-powered features for products and services.

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Occupational Therapist

Healthcare

10%
Low Risk|~8yr|Growing

Helps people of all ages overcome physical, mental, or social challenges to perform everyday activities. Designs rehabilitation programmes and adapts environments for independence.

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Dental Hygienist

Healthcare

10%
Low Risk|~10yr|Growing

Cleans teeth, removes plaque and tartar, applies preventive treatments, takes dental X-rays, and educates patients on oral hygiene practices.

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Mental Health Counsellor / Therapist

Healthcare

8%
Low Risk|~8yr|Growing

Provides therapeutic support for mental health issues including anxiety, depression, trauma, and relationship problems. Uses evidence-based techniques to help clients.

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Care Assistant / Home Carer

Healthcare

8%
Low Risk|~8yr|Growing

Provides personal care, medication support, and companionship to elderly or disabled individuals in their homes or care settings.

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Midwife

Healthcare

8%
Low Risk|~8yr|Growing

Provides care and support to women during pregnancy, labour, and the postnatal period. Monitors mother and baby health, manages normal births, and identifies complications.

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Mental Health Nurse

Healthcare

8%
Low Risk|~10yr|Growing

Provides specialist nursing care for patients with mental health conditions. Builds therapeutic relationships, manages crisis situations, administers medication, and supports recovery.

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Robotics Technician

Engineering & Construction

8%
Low Risk|~10yr|Growing

Builds, programmes, maintains, and repairs robotic systems used in manufacturing, logistics, healthcare, and other industries.

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Electrician

Trades & Manual

5%
Low Risk|~8yr|Growing

Installs, maintains, and repairs electrical systems in homes, businesses, and industrial settings. Ensures compliance with safety regulations.

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Plumber

Trades & Manual

5%
Low Risk|~8yr|Growing

Installs, repairs, and maintains water supply, heating systems, and drainage in residential and commercial buildings.

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Firefighter

Emergency Services

5%
Low Risk|~8yr|Stable

Responds to fires, road traffic accidents, floods, and other emergencies. Rescues people from dangerous situations, operates specialist equipment, and conducts fire safety inspections.

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Carpenter / Joiner

Trades & Manual

5%
Low Risk|~8yr|Growing

Constructs, installs, and repairs structures and fittings made from wood and other materials. Works on building sites, in workshops, or in clients' homes.

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Paramedic

Emergency Services

5%
Low Risk|~10yr|Growing

Responds to emergency calls, provides pre-hospital medical care, stabilises patients, and transports them to hospital. Makes critical clinical decisions under extreme pressure.

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HVAC Technician

Trades & Manual

5%
Low Risk|~10yr|Growing

Installs, maintains, and repairs heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings.

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Renewable Energy Technician

Trades & Manual

5%
Low Risk|~10yr|Growing

Installs, maintains, and repairs solar panels, wind turbines, battery storage systems, and other renewable energy equipment.

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